Succession planning

The aim of succession planning is to be able to fill key roles effectively if an employee leaves the organisation or changes role (for example due to promotion). Succession planning programmes typically include practical, tailored work experience relevant for future roles. 

Which posts are covered by succession planning?

The first step is to identify business-critical roles for which potential successors are needed. Succession planning schemes can focus on individual senior or key positions or take a more generic approach by targeting a ‘pool’ of positions for which similar skills are needed or essential in emergencies.  

Individual positions

Succession planning usually covers the most senior jobs in the organisation, identifying individuals with the potential to step into these posts as short-term or longer-term successors. Proactive development through job moves or secondments around the business can provide a ready source of future leaders. A focus on the most senior posts means that only a small proportion of the workforce would be part of the process. This makes it more manageable. That said, many large organisations operate local models in divisions, sites or countries where the same or similar processes are applied to a wider population.

Roles, not jobs – the use of pools

There’s a growing focus on identifying groups of jobs and developing potential successors for a variety of roles. Jobs might be clustered by role, function or level so that generic skills can be developed. The aim is to develop pools of talented people, each one of whom is adaptable and capable of filling a variety of roles. Because succession planning is concerned with developing longer-term successors as well as short-term replacements, each pool will be considerably larger than the range of posts it covers.

Approaches to succession planning

All organisations need to be able to find people with the right skills to fill key positions.

Traditionally, large companies ran highly structured, confidential and top-down succession schemes aimed at finding internal successors for key posts and planning their career paths accordingly. But with growing uncertainty, increasing speed of change and flatter structures, succession planning of this sort has declined.

A further problem with traditional succession planning was that it failed to take account of non-managerial roles – a talented scientist, for example, who might be crucial to the future of the organisation but wishes to stay in a research role.

In a climate of enduring skills shortages, and research suggesting a lack of confidence in the leadership potential within the existing workforce, interest in succession planning has revived. 

Modern succession planning looks quite different, with a broader vision, greater openness and diversity, and closer links to wider talent management practices. For example, organisations who adopt an inclusive whole workforce approach to managing and developing talent will identify business critical roles at all levels within their organisation.

Talent management covers a wide range of activities designed to attract, recruit, identify, develop, engage, retain and deploy talented individuals – with a focus on attracting external talent as well as nurturing internal talent.

‘Insiders’ versus ‘outsiders’

There are valid reasons to recruit externally, especially at senior levels, to bring new ideas and approaches. 

Nurturing internal talent

The desire to promote from the home-grown talent pool is particularly apparent where there’s a high degree of organisation-specific knowledge in business-critical roles. They have relevant operational experience, understand cultural nuances, and have benefited from in-house leadership programmes. Succession planning can help retain talented individuals as they are aware of internal opportunities to progress their careers. It’s therefore central to the internal element of talent management programmes.

A wide range of activities may make up succession planning programmes. They may be formal and informal learning and development processes, together with a crucial focus on relevant management experience - see more in our management development factsheet.

Broadening experience by lateral moves

In the past people tended to gain experience by upward moves, with accompanying increases in status and salary. Today that may not be possible because organisations are less hierarchical, with fewer management layers. A sideways move into a different job that pays the same may be an alternative way of gaining additional experience.

Some organisations are using secondments to provide wider development opportunities. Inward and outward secondments provide valuable development and benefit the individuals, as well as the organisations more broadly, through sharing knowledge and different perspectives. However, to be successful, secondments must be properly planned and secondees supported throughout.

Informal versus formal approaches

Participants in succession planning programmes may be selected either by informal methods, or by more formal techniques, such as the performance review process and assessing competencies. Whatever approach is taken it is important to ensure processes are in place to objectively assess candidates and review and challenge decisions.

Competencies

Many organisations have developed frameworks for technical and generic competencies, which relate to a broad range of desired skills and behaviours. The assessment process for generic frameworks (especially for management competencies) can be a useful starting point in evaluating an individual’s past performance and suitability for a senior role. So succession plans may need to be integrated with existing competency frameworks.

However, competencies may be too limiting and mechanistic to assess skills such as leadership. They also relate to the past and present rather than the future. When using competencies to assess ‘potential’, organisations need to be very clear and consistent on what potential actually means. It should link to the organisation’s values and its strategic goals.

Openness, fairness and diversity

Employees need to understand the succession process. Transparency is key in the methods used to judge potential successors and the jobs that are considered suitable for each individual. The previously confidential nature of the succession planning process has declined, and advertising of senior internal jobs is more common.

Fairness must be paired with openness, and all candidates must be assessed objectively. Succession planning committees (under a variety of names) exist in many large organisations to review and challenge decisions and advise on improving the process.

All employees need to feel empowered to grow or they may opt out of the succession process. 

Modern succession planning also recognises that people need to make their own career decisions and balance career and family responsibilities.

Identifying and developing talent should not be exclusive to full-time employees. It should recognise the growing needs of both employees and employers for flexibility in employment contracts. Flexible working options can be attractive for new talent, especially as employee expectations about their jobs, careers and work-life balance have changed in recent years. Adopting flexible working practices can improve the effectiveness of succession planning programmes by increasing the available talent pool.

Succession planning sits inside a very much wider set of resourcing and development processes in which people professionals play a key role. In particular, it’s a key component of workforce planning, a process to ensure the right number of people with the right skills are employed in the right place at the right time to deliver on the organisation’s objectives.

While succession planning needs to be owned by line managers, it should be actively championed by the leadership team. People professionals also have a critical role in supporting and facilitating the process. They must compile information on potential candidates by designing and managing appropriate assessment processes, and information support such as developing and maintaining relevant databases. People professionals have access to confidential information, offer career advice, and have expertise in assessing and advising on individual development needs.

Links with business planning

Those responsible for succession planning need to be highly knowledgeable about how the business is likely to evolve. It’s important that they avoid talent ‘tunnel vision’ where the focus is purely on current skills needs. They must have a good understanding of future strategy and the likely capabilities needed in business-critical positions. They should understand how change might affect the numbers involved in succession planning and the skills individuals will need in future. This requires a close relationship between people professionals and the leaders responsible for shaping the organisation's future.

Books and reports

Clutterbuck, D. (2012) The talent wave: why succession planning fails and what to do about it. London: Kogan Page.

Hirsh, W. (2000) Succession planning demystified. Brighton: Institute for Employment Studies.

Rothwell, W.J. (2015) Effective succession planning: ensuring leadership continuity and building talent from within. 5th ed. New York: American Management Association.

Taylor. S. (2024) Resourcing and talent management. 9th ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.

Visit the CIPD and Kogan Page Bookshop to see all our priced publications currently in print.

Journal articles

De Almeida, E. (2018) Seven things to learn about succession in organisations. Global Focus. Vol 12, No 2. pp64-67.

Fernandez-Araoz, C., Nagel, G. and Green, C. (2021) The high cost of poor succession planning. Harvard Business Review. Vol 99, No 3, May/June. pp98-107.

Hollebon, G. (2024) The legal aspects of succession planning. People Management (online). 27 November.

Powell, M.E. (2022) Seven succession planning strategies for the modern workforce. TD: Talent Development. Vol 76, No 10, October. pp42-47.

Schuster, T. (2023) Succession planning, simplified. TD: Talent Development. Vol 77, No 3, March. pp.34-39.

Secker, A. (2020) The legal risks of succession planning. People Management (online). 2 January.

Whysall, Z. (2021) The biggest mistakes to avoid when succession planning. People Management (online). 4 August.

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Members and People Management subscribers can see articles on the People Management website.