Wellbeing at work

Promoting and supporting employee wellbeing is at the heart of our purpose to champion better work and working lives because an effective workplace wellbeing programme can deliver mutual benefit to people, organisations, economies and communities. Healthy workplaces help people to flourish and reach their potential. This means creating an environment that actively promotes a state of contentment, benefiting both employees and the organisation.

However, wellbeing initiatives often fall short of their potential because they stand alone, isolated from the everyday business. To gain real benefit, employee wellbeing priorities must be integrated throughout an organisation, embedded in its culture, leadership and people management.

Employers should ensure they have a holistic framework in place to support people’s physical health and safety, and mental health. They should offer sources of help such as counselling, an employee assistance programme (EAP) and occupational health (OH) services where possible. Further, line managers need ongoing guidance and training to support their teams, so they can have sensitive conversations with individuals and signpost to expert help where needed. All employees should be encouraged to have a good self-care routine.

There’s been a rise in the number of reported mental health issues over the past 10 years, and it’s well recognised that many risks to people’s health at work are psychological. This has led to a growing recognition of the need for employer wellbeing practices to address the psychosocial, as well as the physical, aspects of health and wellbeing. Our 2023 Health and wellbeing at work survey report shows that organisations’ wellbeing activity is increasingly focused on mental health. 

The survey also found evidence of a range of unhealthy working practices such as ‘presenteeism’ (people working when unwell), with over three-quarters of organisations reporting presenteeism among people working from home and in a physical workplace. Nearly two-thirds (67%) have also observed some form of ‘leaveism’, such as using holiday entitlement when unwell or to work, over the past 12 months.

These findings are not signs of a healthy workplace. Employers need to look beyond absence statistics to understand the underlying factors, such as unmanageable workloads, that are driving unhealthy working practices and influencing people’s behaviour and wellbeing.

The value of employee wellbeing

To create a healthy workplace, an employer needs to ensure that its culture, leadership and people management are the bedrock on which to build a fully integrated wellbeing approach. If employers place employee wellbeing as a vital source of value creation, the dividends for organisational health can be significant.

Our 2023 Health and wellbeing at work survey identified the top three benefits of employers increasing their focus on employee wellbeing:

• Better employee morale and engagement.
• A healthier and more inclusive culture.
• Better work-life balance.

The UK government has launched a Voluntary Reporting framework to support employers to report on disability, mental health and disability. This will help to ensure that an employer’s approach to inclusive employment and progression is integrated across the organisation and taken seriously by managers and employees.

We've identified a range of inter-related 'domains' of employee wellbeing. Although there’s no 'one-size-fits-all' approach to designing a health and wellbeing strategy, its content should be based on the unique needs and characteristics of the organisation and its workforce.

The underlying elements include examples of workplace initiatives and activities to support people’s health and wellbeing.

1. Health

• Physical health - Health promotion, good rehabilitation practices, health checks, wellbeing benefits, health insurance protection, managing disability, OH support, EAP.
• Physical safety - Safe working practices, safe equipment, personal safety training.
• Mental health - Stress management, risk assessments, conflict resolution training, training line managers to have difficult conversations, managing mental ill health, OH support, EAP.

2. Good work

• Working environment - Ergonomically designed working areas, open and inclusive culture.
• Good line management - Effective people management policies, training for line managers, sickness absence management.
• Work demands - Job design, job roles, job quality, workload, working hours, job satisfaction, work-life balance.
• Autonomy - Control, innovation, whistleblowing.
• Change management - Communication, involvement, leadership.
• Pay and reward - Fair and transparent remuneration practices, non-financial recognition.

3. Values/Principles

• Leadership - Values-based leadership, clear mission and objectives, health and wellbeing strategy, corporate governance, building trust.
• Ethical standards - Dignity at work, corporate social responsibility, community investment, volunteering.
• Inclusion and diversity - Valuing difference, cultural engagement, training for employees and managers.

4. Collective/Social

• Employee voice - Communication, consultation, genuine dialogue, involvement in decision making.
• Positive relationships - Management style, teamworking, healthy relationships with peers and managers, dignity and respect.

5. Personal growth

• Career development - Mentoring, coaching, performance management, performance development plans, skills utilisation, succession planning.
• Emotional - Positive relationships, personal resilience training, financial wellbeing.
• Lifelong learning - Performance development plans, access to training, mid-career review, technical and vocational learning, challenging work.
• Creativity - Open and collaborative culture, innovation workshops.

6. Good lifestyle choices

• Physical activity - Walking clubs, lunchtime yoga, charity walks.
• Healthy eating - Recipe clubs, healthy menu choices in the canteen.

7. Financial wellbeing

• Fair pay and benefit policies - Pay rates above the statutory National Minimum/Living Wage, flexible benefits scheme.
• Retirement planning - Phased retirement such as a three- or four-day week, pre-retirement courses for people approaching retirement.
• Employee financial support- EAP offering debt counselling, signposting to external sources of free advice (for example, Citizens Advice), access to independent financial advisers.

The CIPD supported the development of the Evolve Workplace Wellbeing toolkit at the University of East Anglia. This is a free, evidence-informed workplace wellbeing resource, drawing on cutting edge research and insights that can help your business evolve and thrive.

Adopting an organisational approach to employee wellbeing carries with it distinct responsibilities for particular employee groups.

People professionals

People professionals have a lead role to play in steering the health and wellbeing agenda in organisations. They need to ensure that senior managers regard it as a priority and integrate wellbeing practices into the organisation’s day-to-day operations.

They need to communicate the benefits of a healthy workplace to line managers, who are typically responsible for implementing people management and wellbeing policies. They need to work closely with all areas of the business and provide practical guidance to ensure that policies and practices are implemented consistently and with compassion.

Senior managers

Senior managers have the authority and influence to ensure that wellbeing is a strategic priority embedded in the organisation’s day-to-day operations and culture. Lack of senior management commitment to wellbeing can be a major barrier to implementation. Senior managers are crucial role models, and line managers and employees are more likely to engage with health and wellbeing interventions if they see senior leaders actively participating in them. 

Line managers

Much of the day-to-day responsibility for managing employees’ health and wellbeing falls on line managers. This includes spotting early warning signs of stress, making supportive adjustments at work, and nurturing positive relationships.

Yet our surveys consistently show that ‘poor management style’ is a main cause of work-related stress. In our 2023 Health and wellbeing at work survey, 37% of respondents blamed management style for work-related stress, the second main cause. This finding shows how harmful the impact can be if managers aren’t equipped with the competence and confidence to go about their people management role in the right way.

Our guidance for managers on preventing and reducing stress at work outlines the key steps they should take. 

Occupational health 

OH is a specialist branch of medicine focused on health in the workplace. For this reason, OH practitioners should work closely with people professionals and those responsible for health, wellbeing and safety in a workplace. 

Employees

Employees also have a responsibility for looking after their own health and wellbeing, and will only benefit from wellbeing initiatives if they participate in the initiatives on offer and take care of their health and wellbeing outside work as well. Employers can encourage employees’ involvement by communicating how staff can access the support and benefits available to them. 

Contacts

Wellbeing helpline and resources for CIPD members

Acas – Health and wellbeing

Health and Safety Executive (HSE)

Council for Work and Health

NHS Health at Work Network

Mental Health at Work gateway 

Workplace Wellbeing Charter

Books and reports

Cooper, C. and Hesketh, I. (eds.) (2022) Managing workplace health and wellbeing during a crisis: how to support your staff in difficult times. London: Kogan Page.

Hesketh, I. and Cooper, C. (2023) Wellbeing at work: how to design, implement and evaluate an effective strategy. 2nd ed. London: Kogan Page.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2015) Workplace health: management practices. NICE guidelines, No NG13. London: NICE.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2017) Healthy workplaces: improving employee mental and physical health and wellbeing. Quality Standard QS147. Manchester: NICE.

Waddell, G. and Burton, A.K. (2006) Is work good for your health and well-being?  London: Stationery Office

Visit the CIPD and Kogan Page Bookshop to see all our priced publications currently in print.

Journal articles

Bevan, S. and Bajorek, Z. (2018) Workforce health: Why ‘good work’ trumps fruit and pilates evangelism every time. HR Magazine. October, pp42-44. Reviewed in Bitesize research, Creating healthy workforces through ‘good work’ .

Eliatamby, A. (2024) How to create a mental health and wellbeing programme that works. People Management (online).16 May. 

Fisher, J., Silverglate, P.H. and Bordeaux, C. (2023) As workforce wellbeing dips, leaders ask: what will it take to move the needle? Deloitte Insights (online). 20 June.

Fleming, W.J. (2024) Employee well-being outcomes from individual-level mental health interventions: cross-sectional evidence from the United Kingdom. Industrial Relations Journal. Vol 55, No 2, March, pp162-182.

Kelliher, C., Richardson, J. and Boiarintseva, G. (2019) All of work? All of Life? Reconceptualising work-life balance for the 21st century. Human Resource Management Journal. Vol 29, No 2, April. Reviewed in Bitesize research, Making a living or making a life?.

Mayne, M. (2024) Is your firm guilty of ‘wellbeing washing’? People Management (online) 6 June.

Spicer, A. (2024) Work ‘wellness’ programmes don’t make employees happier – but I know what does. The Guardian (online). 17 January. 

Suff, R. (2019) Financial wellness is the poor relation of employee wellbeing. CIPD Voice. No 18, 26 April.

Suff, R. (2019) Health at work: prevention is better than cure. CIPD Voice. No 19, 5 July.

Virhia, J., Blavo, Y. and Lordan, G. (2023) The ‘Beyond Workplace Wellbeing’ framework: a new framework for the organisation of work to cultivate wellbeing and productivity in the workplace. PsyArXiv preprint. 27 November. 

CIPD members can use our online journals to find articles from over 300 journal titles relevant to HR.

Members and People Management subscribers can read articles on the People Management website.